art and literature

art and literature

A knowledge of art and literature is to complete the 'trilogy of the
superstructure' consisting of practices which give rise to different types
of cognitive appropriation of reality. We can see here just how much of
the legacy of aesthetics is unquestioningly taken on board by Althusser.
That 'art' exists and has a specific nature is simply taken for granted.
Furhermore, in simply subsuming 'literature' under the general category
of 'art', it is clear that what is being sought is some 'effect' which
all art forms might be said to share in spite of the fact that they differ
both in material form and in respect of the relations of production within
which, as different artistic practices, they are set. To put the objection
simply : why should there be any common features shared by poetry, novel
writing, painting, sculpture, music and drama which would justify our
regarding them as 'art' in this sense? In failing to ask this question
and to ask this question is only means of breaking with the concern of
aesthetics - Althusser simply assumes that there is some such set of
common features which must be described and analysed.

Given this, the specificity of art is said to consist in the essentially
mid-way, equivocal position it occupies between science and ideology.
'Art' as such hovers between 'science' as such and 'ideology' as such.
Whilst it does not form 'knowledge' in the strict sense, art - 'authentic
art', that is, 'not works of an average or mediocre level - is said to
occupy a special relationship to science in that it enables us to 'see',
'perceive' or 'feel' something that alludes to reality. That 'something'
is 'the ideology from which it is born, in which it bathes, from which
it detaches itself as art, and to which it alludes.

Here, good to know Countries or areas, codes and abbreviations

Here, good to know Countries or areas, codes and abbreviations ;http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm
Countries or areas, codes and abbreviations
(listing in alphabetical order) a/
Numericalcode
Country or area name
ISO ALPHA-3 code
004
Afghanistan
AFG
248
Åland Islands
ALA
008
Albania
ALB
012
Algeria
DZA
016
American Samoa
ASM
020
Andorra
AND
024
Angola
AGO
660
Anguilla
AIA
028
Antigua and Barbuda
ATG
032
Argentina
ARG
051
Armenia
ARM
533
Aruba
ABW
036
Australia
AUS
040
Austria
AUT
031
Azerbaijan
AZE
044
Bahamas
BHS
048
Bahrain
BHR
050
Bangladesh
BGD
052
Barbados
BRB
112
Belarus
BLR
056
Belgium
BEL
084
Belize
BLZ
204
Benin
BEN
060
Bermuda
BMU
064
Bhutan
BTN
068
Bolivia
BOL
070
Bosnia and Herzegovina
BIH
072
Botswana
BWA
076
Brazil
BRA
092
British Virgin Islands
VGB
096
Brunei Darussalam
BRN
100
Bulgaria
BGR
854
Burkina Faso
BFA
108
Burundi
BDI
116
Cambodia
KHM
120
Cameroon
CMR
124
Canada
CAN
132
Cape Verde
CPV
136
Cayman Islands
CYM
140
Central African Republic
CAF
148
Chad
TCD
830
Channel Islands

152
Chile
CHL
156
China
CHN
344
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
HKG
446
Macao Special Administrative Region of China
MAC
170
Colombia
COL
174
Comoros
COM
178
Congo
COG
184
Cook Islands
COK
188
Costa Rica
CRI
384
Côte d'Ivoire
CIV
191
Croatia
HRV
192
Cuba
CUB
196
Cyprus
CYP
203
Czech Republic
CZE
408
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
PRK
180
Democratic Republic of the Congo
COD
208
Denmark
DNK
262
Djibouti
DJI
212
Dominica
DMA
214
Dominican Republic
DOM
218
Ecuador
ECU
818
Egypt
EGY
222
El Salvador
SLV
226
Equatorial Guinea
GNQ
232
Eritrea
ERI
233
Estonia
EST
231
Ethiopia
ETH
234
Faeroe Islands
FRO
238
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
FLK
242
Fiji
FJI
246
Finland
FIN
250
France
FRA
254
French Guiana
GUF
258
French Polynesia
PYF
266
Gabon
GAB
270
Gambia
GMB
268
Georgia
GEO
276
Germany
DEU
288
Ghana
GHA
292
Gibraltar
GIB
300
Greece
GRC
304
Greenland
GRL
308
Grenada
GRD
312
Guadeloupe
GLP
316
Guam
GUM
320
Guatemala
GTM
831
Guernsey
GGY
324
Guinea
GIN
624
Guinea-Bissau
GNB
328
Guyana
GUY
332
Haiti
HTI
336
Holy See
VAT
340
Honduras
HND
348
Hungary
HUN
352
Iceland
ISL
356
India
IND
360
Indonesia
IDN
364
Iran, Islamic Republic of
IRN
368
Iraq
IRQ
372
Ireland
IRL
833
Isle of Man
IMN
376
Israel
ISR
380
Italy
ITA
388
Jamaica
JAM
392
Japan
JPN
832
Jersey
JEY
400
Jordan
JOR
398
Kazakhstan
KAZ
404
Kenya
KEN
296
Kiribati
KIR
414
Kuwait
KWT
417
Kyrgyzstan
KGZ
418
Lao People's Democratic Republic
LAO
428
Latvia
LVA
422
Lebanon
LBN
426
Lesotho
LSO
430
Liberia
LBR
434
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
LBY
438
Liechtenstein
LIE
440
Lithuania
LTU
442
Luxembourg
LUX
450
Madagascar
MDG
454
Malawi
MWI
458
Malaysia
MYS
462
Maldives
MDV
466
Mali
MLI
470
Malta
MLT
584
Marshall Islands
MHL
474
Martinique
MTQ
478
Mauritania
MRT
480
Mauritius
MUS
175
Mayotte
MYT
484
Mexico
MEX
583
Micronesia, Federated States of
FSM
498
Moldova
MDA
492
Monaco
MCO
496
Mongolia
MNG
499
Montenegro
MNE
500
Montserrat
MSR
504
Morocco
MAR
508
Mozambique
MOZ
104
Myanmar
MMR
516
Namibia
NAM
520
Nauru
NRU
524
Nepal
NPL
528
Netherlands
NLD
530
Netherlands Antilles
ANT
540
New Caledonia
NCL
554
New Zealand
NZL
558
Nicaragua
NIC
562
Niger
NER
566
Nigeria
NGA
570
Niue
NIU
574
Norfolk Island
NFK
580
Northern Mariana Islands
MNP
578
Norway
NOR
275
Occupied Palestinian Territory
PSE
512
Oman
OMN
586
Pakistan
PAK
585
Palau
PLW
591
Panama
PAN
598
Papua New Guinea
PNG
600
Paraguay
PRY
604
Peru
PER
608
Philippines
PHL
612
Pitcairn
PCN
616
Poland
POL
620
Portugal
PRT
630
Puerto Rico
PRI
634
Qatar
QAT
410
Republic of Korea
KOR
638
Réunion
REU
642
Romania
ROU
643
Russian Federation
RUS
646
Rwanda
RWA
652
Saint-Barthélemy
BLM
654
Saint Helena
SHN
659
Saint Kitts and Nevis
KNA
662
Saint Lucia
LCA
663
Saint-Martin (French part)
MAF
666
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
SPM
670
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
VCT
882
Samoa
WSM
674
San Marino
SMR
678
Sao Tome and Principe
STP
682
Saudi Arabia
SAU
686
Senegal
SEN
688
Serbia
SRB
690
Seychelles
SYC
694
Sierra Leone
SLE
702
Singapore
SGP
703
Slovakia
SVK
705
Slovenia
SVN
090
Solomon Islands
SLB
706
Somalia
SOM
710
South Africa
ZAF
724
Spain
ESP
144
Sri Lanka
LKA
736
Sudan
SDN
740
Suriname
SUR
744
Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands
SJM
748
Swaziland
SWZ
752
Sweden
SWE
756
Switzerland
CHE
760
Syrian Arab Republic
SYR
762
Tajikistan
TJK
764
Thailand
THA
807
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
MKD
626
Timor-Leste
TLS
768
Togo
TGO
772
Tokelau
TKL
776
Tonga
TON
780
Trinidad and Tobago
TTO
788
Tunisia
TUN
792
Turkey
TUR
795
Turkmenistan
TKM
796
Turks and Caicos Islands
TCA
798
Tuvalu
TUV
800
Uganda
UGA
804
Ukraine
UKR
784
United Arab Emirates
ARE
826
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
GBR
834
United Republic of Tanzania
TZA
840
United States of America
USA
850
United States Virgin Islands
VIR
858
Uruguay
URY
860
Uzbekistan
UZB
548
Vanuatu
VUT
862
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
VEN
704
Viet Nam
VNM
876
Wallis and Futuna Islands
WLF
732
Western Sahara
ESH
887
Yemen
YEM
894
Zambia
ZMB
716
Zimbabwe
ZWE
a/ The designations employed and the presentation of country or areanames in this list do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever onthe part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning thedelimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The user of any particular datasetshould consult the dataset documentation to determine the exact coverageof statistics for the country or area entities in the dataset. Various datasetsmay or may not include coverage of outlying and overseas areas, depending on the type of data and source.

Did you know how many countries in The World?

Did you know how many countries in The World?
Here from
http://www.worldatlas.com/nations.htm

Now that is a question that's somewhat difficult to answer, as there is no one right answer. Many sources offer different answers, and depending on the source, there are 189, 191, 192, 193 or 194 independent countries in the world today. The United Nations has 192 members (including Montenegro and Serbia - the two newest nations) but that number does not include the Vatican, an independent nation. Regarding England, Scotland and Wales, though considered individual countries, they are all a part of the United Kingdom (UK), a European country, and therefore included within the United Kingdom on the list below. The US State Department recognizes 193 independent countries around the world. but that list of countries reflects the political agenda of the United States of America. As an example, it does not include Taiwan as China claims that Taiwan (the ROC) is simply a province of China. The latest World Almanacs use 193 countries, which is probably the best answer, but what about Palestine? Greenland? Western Sahara? The political world is constantly changing and our list of independent nations is shown below. Note that we don't say that our list is the ONLY answer, just that it's our answer.
Countries Listed By Continent

NOTE: Only countries recognized (as such) by the United Nations are listed, not dependencies and/or territories. Regarding England, Scotland and Wales, though considered individual countries, they are all a part of the United Kingdom (UK), a European country, and therefore included within the United Kingdom on the list below.

AFRICA (53) Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African (Dem. Rep.) Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe


ASIA (44) Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia China East Timor India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea (north) Korea (south) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russian Federation Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen


EUROPE (47) Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City


N. AMERICA (23) Antigua and BarbudaBahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Rep. El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent & the Grenadines Trinidad & Tobago United States